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| I/O modules are an integral part of process signal connectivity. Image courtesy of Acromag |
Aside from the sensor connection, there are two basic wiring schemes for these devices. The simplest employs just two conductors to transmit the signal and coincidentally provide operating power for the transmitter electronics. This type of transmitter is commonly referred to as a "loop powered" or "two-wire" device. A DC power supply, typically 24 volts, is wired in series with the 4-20 mA output signal and the transmitter derives its operating power from this source. Loop powered devices generally consume very little power, but process designers must consider the total resistance imposed on the loop by all connected devices. The cable, unless the length is monstrous, poses a measurable but comparatively small resistance. Careful consideration should be given to the resistance imposed by receiving devices, especially if there are several in series, receiving the loop signal. The output voltage of the power supply and the maximum tolerable voltage of the connected devices will serve as limiting factors on loop instrument quantity. Where they can be applied, two-wire transmitters offer a straight forward solution for delivery of analog process measurement signals.
A "four-wire" transmitter gets its name from, you guessed it, the two pairs of wires used to provide operating power and a signal transmission path. Provided with a separate power source, possibly even 120 volts AC, this transmitter type will often be found in applications where the sensor may have power requirements that cannot be met with the limitations inherent in the loop powered device. While it may seem that the separate power supply negates the need to consider total resistance load on the signal loop, this is not the case. The signal loop still will be limited by the DC power supply that serves as the driving force of the loop.
In many cases, the question of "two-wire or four-wire" will be answered by the transmitter manufacturer. Since the two-wire scheme is a less burdensome installation, it may be the only product offering when a suitable device can be designed for an application. That said, a diligent search will probably find two and four-wire versions of transmitters for almost every application.
What are some decision making guidelines?
- Some types of transmitters have sufficiently high power requirements that they cannot be loop powered. In this case, four-wire may be the only option.
- For low resistance loads, use 2 wire transmitters for a simpler installation.
- Allow some headroom in the loop resistance to accommodate at least one added receiving device in the future. For example, a temperature signal may serve as an input to a controller now, but need to service a recording device potentially added in the future.
- Distance should not be mindlessly overlooked, but is generally not a limiting factor, as most installations would be compatible with the distance limitations for two- or four-wire device output signals.
- When signal transmission distances become unwieldy, due to cabling costs or other factors, consider a wireless transmitter instead of a wired device.
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